Cádiz Španija

Cádiz, mesto, glavno mesto in glavno morsko pristanišče province Cádiz v pokrajini Comunidad autónoma (avtonomna skupnost) Andaluzija, jugozahodna Španija. Mesto leži na dolgem ozkem polotoku, ki se razprostira v zalivu Kadiz (izliv Atlantskega oceana). Z obodom od 9 do 11 kilometrov od 6 do 7 kilometrov, obkroženem z morjem, pred katerim je zaščiteno z obzidjem, ima mesto le en kopni izhod.

Kviz

Kar hočete!

Kakšno je latinsko ime za Švico?

Tradicionalno pravijo, da so ga feničanski trgovci iz Tira ustanovili kot Gadirja (kar pomeni "ograjen prostor") že leta 1100 pred našim štetjem, okupirali so ga Kartažani okoli 501 BC. Mestni feničanski izvor je bil odkrit z odkritji leta 1980 in prej feničanskimi sarkofagi na dveh ločenih mestih.

Ob koncu druge punične vojne se je mesto voljno predalo Rimu in od takrat se je kot Gades vztrajno povečeval v razcvetu. Leta 1980 je bilo v predmestju Pópula odkrito rimsko gledališče, eno najstarejših in najbolje ohranjenih v Španiji. V 5. stoletju so mesto uničili Visigoti. Mavrska vladavina pristanišča, ki se je preimenovala v Jazīrat Qādis, je trajala od leta 711 do 1262, ko je Cádiza zajel in obnovil Alfonso X iz Kastilje.

Njegova ponovna blaginja je bila odkrita v Ameriki leta 1492, ko je postala sedež španske zakladne flote. V 16. stoletju je odvrgel vrsto napadov korbarjev Barbary; leta 1587 je svojo pristaniško ladjo požgala angleška eskadrila pod Sir Francisom Drakeom. Ko so ga Britanci blokirali (1797–98) in ga bombardirali (1800), so ga Francozi leta 1810–12 oblegali, v tem času pa je služil kot glavno mesto celotne Španije, ki ni bilo pod nadzorom Napoleona. Tam se je sestal Cortes (španski parlament) in sprejel znamenito liberalno ustavo iz marca 1812.

The loss of the Spanish colonies in the Americas dealt a blow to the trade of Cádiz from which it never recovered. Its decline was later accelerated by the disasters of the Spanish-American War of 1898 and by its antiquated harbour works. After 1900, considerable improvements were made in quayside construction, and recovery proceeded steadily. In the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) Cádiz fell to the Nationalists almost at once and served as an important port of entry for reinforcements from Spanish Morocco. In 1947 the city suffered great damage from the explosion of a naval arms store.

Industrial development is rather limited, but important naval and mercantile shipbuilding yards and various factories exist on the mainland (metalworking and food processing), and there are tuna fisheries off the coast. The city is primarily a commercial port, exporting wine (principally sherry from Jerez de la Frontera), salt, olives, figs, cork, and salted fish and importing coal, iron and machinery, timber, cereals, coffee, and other foodstuffs. Several shipping lines call there, and passenger traffic is important, mainly to the Canary Islands. A military airfield and a Spanish-U.S. air base, Rota, are nearby. Along the Bay of Cádiz, a metropolitan area has formed with a commercial centre.

Notable landmarks include the old cathedral, originally built by Alfonso X of Castile (1252–84) and rebuilt after 1596; and the Baroque cathedral, begun in 1722 and completed in 1838, where the composer Manuel de Falla (1876–1946) is buried and which holds a magnificent collection of art treasures. Other landmarks include San Sebastián and Santa Catalina castles, numerous museums, and the famous Torre de Vigía (100 feet [30 metres]), a signal tower in the centre of the city. Cádiz’s lively annual carnival, held the week leading up to Shrove Tuesday, includes processions, costumes, music, dancing, and contests. The celebration is modeled after the renowned carnivals of Venice, which had an active trade with Cádiz in the 16th century. Pop. (2007 est.) 128,554.